In chemical called liqor to those organic chemical compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) in replacing a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a carbon atom. Besides this carbon must be saturated, ie must have only single bonds to two separate atoms, one that differentiates liqor-phenols. If containing several hydroxyl groups are called polyols (alcohol assessment).
Liqors have a wide range of uses in industry and science as solvents and fuels. Ethanol and methanol can be combusted in a cleaner than gasoline or diesel manner. By low toxicity and availability for non-polar substances dissolve, ethanol is often used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals, perfumes and flavorings such as vanilla vital. Liqors frequently serve as versatile intermediates in organic synthesis.
The Arabs knew the extracted wine distilled liqor. However, its discovery dates back to early fourteenth century, attributed to medical Arnau de Villanova, wise alchemist and professor of medicine at Montpellier. The quintessence of Ramon Llull was nothing that liqor grinding to a milder temperature.
Lavoisier was the one who revealed the origin and how to produce liqor through the wine fermentation, showing that under the influence of yeast grape sugar is converted into carbonic acid and liqor. He was also studied by Scheele, Gehle, Thenard, Duma and Boullay Berthelot and in 1854 won it for sintesis.
Common (non-systematic): putting the word liqor and replacing the suffix -ano corresponding alkane. For example would methyl liqor, ethyl liqor, propyl liqor, etc. IUPAC: adding a l (el) to -ano name suffix in hydrocarbon precursor (met-ano-l, where meth indicates a carbon atom, -ano- indicates a hydrocarbon alkane which is -l an liqor), and identifying the position of carbon atom that is bonded to hydroxyl group (3-butanol, for example).
When liqor is substituent group, the hydroxy prefix is used. The diol, triol, etc. Suffixes are used, depending on the amount of OH groups. Monoliqors alkanes derivatives corresponding to general formula CnH2n plus 1OH. The liqors are typically colorless liquids with characteristic odor, soluble in water in varying proportions and less dense than it. By increasing the molecular weight, increase their melting and boiling points and may be solid at room temperature (ie the pentaerititrol melts at 260 degrees C). Unlike those derived alkanes, the hydroxyl functional group allows the molecule soluble in water due to similarity of hydroxyl group with the water molecule and allows hydrogen bonding.
The solubility of molecule depends on the size and shape of alkyl chain, because as the alkyl chain is longer and more voluminous, the molecule will tend to be more like a hydrocarbon molecule and less water, so be higher solubility in apolar solvents and less polar solvents. Some liqors (mainly aromatic rings and polyhydric) have a higher density than water.
The liqors can be produced by fermentation, including methanol from wood and ethanol from fruits and grains. The industry is resorted to only in case of ethanol to produce fuel and drinks. In other cases, liqors are synthesized from organic compounds from natural gas or oil in particular by hydration of alkenes.
Liqors have a wide range of uses in industry and science as solvents and fuels. Ethanol and methanol can be combusted in a cleaner than gasoline or diesel manner. By low toxicity and availability for non-polar substances dissolve, ethanol is often used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals, perfumes and flavorings such as vanilla vital. Liqors frequently serve as versatile intermediates in organic synthesis.
The Arabs knew the extracted wine distilled liqor. However, its discovery dates back to early fourteenth century, attributed to medical Arnau de Villanova, wise alchemist and professor of medicine at Montpellier. The quintessence of Ramon Llull was nothing that liqor grinding to a milder temperature.
Lavoisier was the one who revealed the origin and how to produce liqor through the wine fermentation, showing that under the influence of yeast grape sugar is converted into carbonic acid and liqor. He was also studied by Scheele, Gehle, Thenard, Duma and Boullay Berthelot and in 1854 won it for sintesis.
Common (non-systematic): putting the word liqor and replacing the suffix -ano corresponding alkane. For example would methyl liqor, ethyl liqor, propyl liqor, etc. IUPAC: adding a l (el) to -ano name suffix in hydrocarbon precursor (met-ano-l, where meth indicates a carbon atom, -ano- indicates a hydrocarbon alkane which is -l an liqor), and identifying the position of carbon atom that is bonded to hydroxyl group (3-butanol, for example).
When liqor is substituent group, the hydroxy prefix is used. The diol, triol, etc. Suffixes are used, depending on the amount of OH groups. Monoliqors alkanes derivatives corresponding to general formula CnH2n plus 1OH. The liqors are typically colorless liquids with characteristic odor, soluble in water in varying proportions and less dense than it. By increasing the molecular weight, increase their melting and boiling points and may be solid at room temperature (ie the pentaerititrol melts at 260 degrees C). Unlike those derived alkanes, the hydroxyl functional group allows the molecule soluble in water due to similarity of hydroxyl group with the water molecule and allows hydrogen bonding.
The solubility of molecule depends on the size and shape of alkyl chain, because as the alkyl chain is longer and more voluminous, the molecule will tend to be more like a hydrocarbon molecule and less water, so be higher solubility in apolar solvents and less polar solvents. Some liqors (mainly aromatic rings and polyhydric) have a higher density than water.
The liqors can be produced by fermentation, including methanol from wood and ethanol from fruits and grains. The industry is resorted to only in case of ethanol to produce fuel and drinks. In other cases, liqors are synthesized from organic compounds from natural gas or oil in particular by hydration of alkenes.
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